@Rickvanthof here’s a proposal! I’ll break down the components and also share a sample file. Let me know what you think and also of any tweaks you need!
The key for columns to resize is to separate the text from the background, in that way, overriding one cell makes the entire column grow. So here’s the breakdown of the structure:
The basics
- One symbol for the table cell text
- One symbol for the table cell background
One base column symbol
I created the column symbol by placing one pair of the base symbols for each cell. In the exercise I did, I created a 10 row column (header included) which has 10 symbols for text, 10 for background
Creating the full table
I used the column symbol to create the full table. In this case I put 4 columns, but you can add more and hide unnecessary columns in the instances. Here’s how a new fresh instance looks and also after adding overrides:
Some caveats
Being made of symbols, this setup creates a lot of override fields on the inspector, so I recommend overriding directly on canvas, or using the same structure but with Smart Layout groups.
So what do you think? Let me know and we’ll keep tweaking this and find a solution to your use case! 
Sample file
Smart Layout table.sketch (174.9 KB)